Uko inzovu zageze muri pariki y’Akagera
Uko ibinyejana byagiye bisimburana ni ko icyanya gikomye cy’Akagera cyagiye cyibasirwa n’abari bagituye ubwabo ndetse n’abaturanyi bacyo ba Tanzaniya ntibakangwaga no kuza kwishakiramo ibyo bari bakeneye nk’imiti, inyama z’umuhigo, uburobyi bw’amafi, ariko icyari kigayitse cyane, ni ubuhigi bw’inzovu
Icyo gihe ubuhigi bw’inzovu bwakorwaga hagamijwe kwibonera amenyo yazo yagurishwaga abacuruzi bo muri Aziya bari baratangiye kunyanyagira muri Afurika bashaka umutungo kamere warangwaga muri aka karere. Ibi bikaba byarabaye intandaro yo kwishora muri ibi bikorwa byangiza ibidukikije ku buryo ari ikintu cyagaragarira buri wese.
Nk’uko twabitangarijwe na Hubert Verhulst, tariki ya 09/11/2017 hari mu kiganiro twagiranye imbonankubone muri Pariki y’Akagera, yavuze ko ubwo hari ku ku ngoma y’umwami w’Ububiligi witwaga Albert wa mbere (Albert I)., mu mwaka wa 1932 aribwo igikomangoma cy’Ububiligi (Leopold III) cyasuye u Rwanda kiza mu gice cy’ iburasirazuba bw’Igihugu ahitwa i Gabiro aho cyahuriye n’abategetsi b’Ababiligi babaga muri aka gace,
Muri uru rugendo iki gikomangoma cyahawe amakuru ku bikorwa byabangamiraga aka gace, gisiga kiganiriye n’abategetsi baho uko hashyirwaho akarere kihariye kabungwabungwa mu buryo budasanzwe.
Nyuma y’imyaka ibiri gusa, iki gikomangoma gisuye u Rwanda, mu mwaka wa 1934 tariki ya 26 Ugushyingo, Ububiligi bwemeje Pariki y’Igihugu y’Akagera mu rwego rwo kutica inyamaswa zari zarazahajwe n’uburenge, iki gihe aka gace kagirwa pariki, hari ku ngoma y’umwami w’Ububiligi witwa Leopold wa III n’Umwami w’u Rwanda Mutara wa III Rudahigwa wari umaze igihe gito asimbuye Se ku ngoma (Yuhi wa V Musinga),
Muri uyu mwaka iyi pariki yashyizwe mu maboko y’ikigo cyari gishinzwe kureberera Pariki zose zabarizwaga mu butegetsi (Colonies) bw’Ababiligi bacyitaga “Ikigo kibungabunga Pariki z’ibihugu za Kongo mbirigi (L’Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge).
Kuva ubwo ibikorwa byo kuhabungabunga bihabwa umwanya w’imbere ari nabwo abari bahatuye bategetswe kuhava kuko hatari hakiri akarere ko guturwa. Gusa ibi byakozwe buhoro buhoro kuko byasabaga ubushishozi hirindwa amakimbirane hagati y’abari bahatuye ndetse n’ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi bwakoronizaga u Rwanda muri iki gihe.
Nyamara ariko amategeko yariho iki gihe ntabwo yabashije gukumira birambye ibikorwa byangiza pariki hakiyongeraho ko n’imyumvire y’abaturage kuri iyi ngingo yo kutangiza ibidukikije yari nshyashya kuri buri muturage, icyari gisigaye kwari ukwigisha buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe babyumviye.
Muri uru rugamba rwo guhindura imyumvire y’abaturage, inzovu zabaga muri iyi pariki zari ziri kugenda zishirira ku icumu, kubera abazicaga bazishakaho amenyo, izindi zigahunga. Pariki y’Igihugu y’Akagera ikaba yarakomeje kuyoborwa n’Ababiligi kugeza mu mwaka wa 1962, ubwo Abanyarwanda ba mbere batangiye kuyobora pariki n’akarere k’umuhigo (Domaine de chasse).
Muri rusange, inzovu ni inyamaswa ishobora guhunga agace idafitemo umutekano, igihe hari ahandi ishobora guhungira. Ni muri uru rwego nyuma yo kubona ko zigiye gushira, inzovu zigiriye inama yo kwerekeza iy’ubuhingiro dore ko muri iki gihe, Igihugu cyari kigari ugereranyije n’abaturage bari bahari,
Uubwo nibwo zafashe icyerekezo cya Komini ya Bicumbi (ubu ni mu Karere ka Rwamagana ) na Komini ya Gashora (mu Karere ka Bugesera uyu munsi), zigenda zihunze ubuhigi bwari bwenda kuzimarira ku icumu muri Pariki y’Akagera.
Izi nzovu zahisemo agace kari keza cyane kari gafite amahoro, umutekano n’ibyo kurya bihagije, nuko zitangira kwigabanya uduce dutandukanye zigabamo amatsinda bitewe nuko zagendaga zihagera.
Intara y’Iburasirazuba akenshi izwi nk’intara irangwamo ubushyuhe bwinshi usanga igaragaramo ubwoko bw’ibimera bijya gusa nk’aho ari bimwe aho usanga higanje umukenke, iminyinya, intare y’irungu, imirama, imisagara, imigenge, ibifunzo n’ibindi;
Ubu bwoko bunyuranye bw’ibiti bukaba ari bumwe mu buhurirwaho n’inyamaswa zitandukanye ziboneka mu gice cy’iburasirazuba, ibi bikaba bisobanuye ko izi nzovu zagiye zisunika buhoro buhoro kugeza ubwo zagereye muri Komini ya Gashora na Bicumbi.
Ihigwa ry’inzovu zo muri Pariki y’Akagera ni urugero rufatika rwerekana uburyo inyamaswa ishobora gufata icyemezo gikomeye ikaba yanahindura umuzima burundu.
Ibi bikaba byaragaragajwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe aho byagaragaye ko hari inzovu zagiye zikarenga utu duce twavuzwe haruguru, zikagera muri P’ariki ya Nyungwe kandi dusanzwe tuzi ko mu mashyamba yo mu misozi habayo ubwoko bw’inzovu bwitwa (Loxodonta a. cyclotis), mu gihe izisanzwe mu mikenke ari Loxodonta a. Africana’.
Ikindi kandi nuko ibiza kamere bitandukanye birimo indwara z’ibyorezo nk’uburenge ndetse n’amapfa yagiye ayogoza agace inzovu zabagamo, hatekerezwa ko byaba byaragiye bigira uruhare mu gutuma izi nzovu zifata ibyemezo bikomeye byo kwimuka burundu zikajya kure, gusa ikizwi cyane ni ubuhigi bwazibasiraga. Ariko ubushakashatsi burakomeje kugira ngo hamenyekane igihe nyakuri izi nzovu zatangiriye kwimuka kugera ubwo zisanze mu mashyamba akonja cyane nka Pariki ya Nyungwe.
Impamvu nyamukuru yo kubungabunga Pariki y’Akagera nk’icyanya gikomwe ni uko nyuma y’aho bigaragariye ko hari ubwiyongere bw’abaturage nubwo butari bufite umuvuduko ukabije, hatekerejwe ko hari igihe kizagera abantu bagakenera aho batura hagutse cyane cyane ko buri wese aba agomba kugira aho atura we n’umuryango we, ibi bikaba bivuze ko iyo itarindwa; aho iherereye uyu munsi haba hatuwe n’abaturage.
Ntibyatinze mu myaka ya za 1959 na 1960 abantu batangiye kugenda bava mu duce twabo bari batuyemo mbere bakajya mu tundi turere aho batekerezaga ko bashobora kubona ubutaka burushijeho kuba bugari kandi burumbuka abandi bakoherezwayo ku ngufu,
Aha niho batangiye gutemagura ibiti by’amoko atandukanye byakoreshwaga, mu myubakire, mu buhinzi, mu guteka no mu yindi mirimo kandi bikajyana no kwica inyamaswa zitandukanye zakoreshwaga mu kongera imirire myiza zigakoreshwa kandi no mu mihango ya gakondo.
Ibi byatumye habaho igabanuka ry’agace kagari kabagamo inyamaswa hatangira no kugaragara amakimbirane akomeye hagati y’abaturage na za nyamaswa zari zisanzwe ziri aho hantu.
Jean Pierre Vande Weghe umuhanga akaba n’Umwanditsi mu birebana no kurengera ibidukikije akaba kandi yarakoreye igihe kirekire muri iyi Pariki y’Akagera yatangaje ko mbere y’umwaka wa 1960 muri aka gace ka Bugesera na Rwamagana hari hakirangwa intare, imbogo, inyamugeri, inzovu n’izindi nyamaswa zibasha kugaragara uyu munsi muri Pariki y’Akagera.
Ubwo inyamaswa z’amoko anyuranye nk’imbogo, inyamugeri, ibinyogote, impyisi, n’izindi zagendaga zicwa ntabwo inzovu nazo zari zorohewe n’ibikorwa bya muntu ahanini byari byiganjemo ubuhinzi n’imiturire, kuko byasabaga ko bagirana amakimbirane n’inyamaswa zitashakaga kuva mu duce twazo zari zimazemo iminsi, abantu nabo bari baraturutse mu duce dutandukanye tw’Igihugu bagombaga gushaka uko babaho.
Hagati y’umwaka wa 1955 na 1960 hari intambara hagati y’inyamaswa zisanzwe kubera ko zo kuzica byari byoroshye, ariko bigeze ku nzovu bisaba ko haca uwambaye. Abaturage bigabije tumwe mu duce zabagamo, batangira guhinga no kubaka amazu, nazo zigerageza guhungira mu tundi duce tutari twagatuwe ariko zikajya kubonera imyaka. Babuze uko babigenza, abaturage batangira kwishyira hamwe bakazirwanya, zimwe na zimwe bakazica ariko bibagoye, nuko inzovu zirya karungu, zihangana na mwene muntu.
Uko bwacyaga bukira, amakimbirane yabaye menshi bigeza ubwo hitabajwe ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze bw’icyo gihe, bagerageza kubwira abaturage uko bitwara ariko biranga biba iby’ubusa kuko inzovu zitatumaga bagira icyo bageraho mu mahoro, nibwo bafashe icyemezo cyo kwitabaza inzego zo nkuru z’ubuyobozi kugira ngo zigire icyo zibafasha.
Nubwo ikibazo cyari cyarageze hejuru, ntabwo igisubizo cyahise kiza, ahubwo abaturage bakomeje guhangana n’inzovu, bakazivugiriza induru, bakazirukankana ndetse na zo zigakomeretsa bamwe muri bo zitabuze no kubicamo.
Mu mwaka wa 1969, François Verhulst umwe mu bari bashinzwe kurengera inyamaswa yagize uruhare mu kuzana inzovu yari yaguye mu mwobo mu Bugesera igezwa muri Pariki y’Akagera, ubwo iba ibaye iya mbere yari igaruwe muri iyi Pariki. Iyi nzovu yitaweho kugeza ubwo yaje kumenyera itangira kugenda, icyakora yaje kuburirwa irengero, aho yaguye ntihamenyekanye (Hubert Verhulst, 2017).
Mu rwego rwo gushaka uko abaturage bari batuye muri iki gice bahinga bakihaza mu biribwa ndetse bakajyana n’igihe bahabwa imbuto zari zigezweho, ahitwa i Karama mu yari Komini ya Gashora hashinzwe ishami ry’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu by’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi cyitwaga ISAR/ Institut des sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (uyu munsi cyitwa Rwanda Agriculture Board).
Muri iyi minsi iki kigo cyari gikataje mu kureba uko abaturage bazabona ingemwe ndetse no gukomeza ubushakashatsi bwari bugamije guteza imbere ubuhinzi n’ubworozi muri rusange ariko hagamijwe ko ubuhinzi buvugururwa; Nk’uko byatangajwe n’uwitwa Nkundabatutsi Etienne umuturage wakoreraga muri iki kigo akaba anatuye aho izi nzovu zabaga,
Yavuze ko ubwo abaturage bari mu ihurizo ryo guhangana n’izi nzovu zari zararakaye bagasakuza ariko ikibazo ntigihite gikemuka, zahinduye imirishyo ubwo izi nzovu zazaga muri iki kigo, zikigabiza imyaka yose yari irimo, zikayisiribanga ku buryo byaciye igikuba abashakashatsi bihebeshwa n’ibikorwa inzovu zari ziri kubakorera, nuko nabo bahita basaba ubufasha ku nzego zo hejuru biba ngombwa ko bitabaza inzego zo hasi zari zibegereye.
Parike y’Akagera kandi ifite umwihariko wo kwimurirwamo izindi nyamaswa zavuye mu bihugu bitandukanye, aho mu 2015 hazanywemo Intare icyenda, mu 2017 na 2018 hazanwa Inkura z’umukara zavanywe mu Burayi no muri Afurika y’Epfo, mu 2021 hazanwa Inkura 30 mu gihe mu 2025 hazanywe Inkura z’umweru 70.
Buri mwaka abana b’abanyeshuri barenga 2000 barayisura, ndetse abaturage baturiye iyi pariki barenga 3000 barayisura binyuze muri gahunda yo gutanga uburezi bwibanda ku kurengera ibidukikije. Ibyo iyi pariki yinjiza biyihaza ku rugero rwa 90%.
Uwitonze Captone
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